Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Non-syndromic oligodontia

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Non-syndromic oligodontia Case report Title of the article: â€Å"Esthetic Rehabilitation of Non-syndromic oligodontia-an innovative approach.† Abstract: This case report describes the esthetic rehabilitation of a 13 year old girl presenting with non-syndromic oligodontia, who compromised in esthetics, occlusal function, development and functional growth of the bones. The oral rehabilitation was performed with direct composite restoration using thermoformed templates along with reinforced polyethylene fibers since it is a viable alternative to re-establish the masticatory function and esthetics, allowing the patient to achieve greater self-esteem and better social acceptance. Key words: Composite restoration, Oligodontia, Reinforced polyethylene fibers, Thermoformed template. Introduction: A tooth is defined as congenitally missing if it has not erupted in the oral cavity and is not visible on the radiograph. All primary teeth should have erupted by the age of 3 and all permanent teeth except third molars between the ages of 12 and 14. Therefore 3-4 year old children are suitable for diagnosis of congenitally missing primary teeth by clinical examination and 12-14 year old children, for diagnosis of permanent missing teeth, excluding the third molars.1 Dental agenesis is most common developmental anomaly in human, which can occur, in an isolated fashion or as part of a syndrome.2 In the permanent dentition, hypodontia has a prevalence of 1.6% to 9.6%, excluding agenesis of the third molars. Oligodontia has a population prevalence of 0.3% in the permanent dentition. It occurs more frequently in girls at a ratio of 3:2. In the deciduous dentition, hypodontia occurs less often (0.1%-0.9%) and has no significant sex distribution.3 Dental agenesis is classified according to the number of teeth involved and may be classified into hypodontia, oligodontia, and anodontia. Thus, hypodontia is defined as the congenital absence of less than six permanent teeth, full anodontia as the absence of all permanent teeth.4 The term oligodontia is generally used when the development of six or more teeth did not occur (KOTSIOMITI et al., 2000), and such a condition may be related to family history, syndromes, traumas, infections, and severe intrauterine or endocrine disorders (KOTSIOMITI et al., 2000; MCDONALD; AVERY, 2000). Oligodontia usually occurs as a part of syndromes. It may occur as a non-syndromic isolated familial trait linked to mutations of the MSX1 and PAX9, or as a sporadic finding.5 Non-syndromic oligodontia has been found either sporadic or familial in nature.6 Syndromic and non-syndromic form of Oligodontia can be differentiated by ruling out the presence of associated symptoms. Oligodontia presents clinical symptoms depending on the number and location of missing teeth. Positional changes of teeth, variation in their morphology and size may occur in the existing teeth. It may be associated with growth disturbances of the maxillofacial skeleton thus affecting the facial appearance.7 The absence of teeth in young patients can cause esthetic, functional, and psychological problems, particularly if the teeth of the anterior region are involved. The most commonly used method of diagnosis of dental anomalies is clinical examination accompanied by radiographic examination.8 There are several treatment options for adult and young patients with agenesis although, there are few studies demonstrating treatment in pediatric patients.9 The optimal therapy should include an interdisciplinary team approach, and rely on positive interaction between pediatric dentists, orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and prosthodontics.10 The early diagnosis and treatment are important to improve masticatory function, speech, and self-appearance to reduce the psychosocial impact.9 This case report describes the dental rehabilitation of a young patient with direct composite restorations using thermoformed templates, which not only act as crown formers to re-establish the anatomical contour of the defective teeth but also control the amount of restorative material used and minimize the patient’s chair side-time. Along with this reinforced polythelene fibers are also used as an interim restoration. Case Report: A 13-year-old female patient referred to department of Pedodontics and preventive dentistry, college of dental sciences, Davangere, complaining of spacing between teeth in the upper and lower front region. A detailed history was undertaken with the patient and his legal guardian, who revealed her past medical history, was non-contributory and family history revealed that she was born to non-consanguineous marriage parents with normal delivery and mother did not suffer from any disease during pregnancy, none of the family member had congenitally missing teeth. The patient had no history of trauma but had severe aesthetic dissatisfaction which resulted in several social problems. On general physical examination her height and weight were normal according to her age and she was well oriented and active. On extra oral examination she was normal in her facial appearance and did not show any physical or skeletal abnormality. She had a mild concave profile, a mild reduction of the lower third of facial height, with a marked nasolabial angle and procumbent lip contours; however, the facial symmetry was not affected. No clicking or crepitus of the temporomandibular joint was detected and masticatory muscles were not sensitive upon palpation. On intra oral examination, soft tissues examination was normal. Oral hygiene was considered satisfactory. Hard tissue examination revealed presence of erupted 11 permanent teeth and 8 overeretained primary teeth (11,21,24,37,34,33,31,41,42,44,47) 63 and 83 were in grade II mobility. The remaining permanent teeth were missing clinically; she also had upper midline diastema between permanent central incisors, generalized spacing and underdeveloped alveolar ridges in the anterior mandibular region. In addition, no parafunctional habit was present. Suspecting the congenital absence of permanent teeth panoramic radiograph was taken which showed missing teeth; 12,16,17,22,26,27,32,35,36,43,46 [Figure 1], [Figure 2]. There was absence of dental caries and no previous treatment for the missing teeth was done. A provisional diagnosis of partial anodontia was given with differential diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia; Rieger syndrome and Witkop syndrome were considered. In view of the oligodontia of permanent teeth, a detailed examination was done to rule out syndromes associated with oligodontia. Paediatric consultation was taken regarding general health status of the patient. Complete set of investigations were done. Routine examination of blood including serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, TSH, T3, T4 was done. The findings of these investigations were within normal range. During physical examination, hairs were not thin and sparse, nails were not brittle and no difficulty in perspiration was seen, which ruled out absence of ectodemaldysplsia. On occular examination, no signs of glaucoma was seen, ruling out Rieger syndrome and Van Der Woude syndrome was ruled out as there was no associated cleft palate or any mucosal cysts in lower lip. Final diagnosis of Non-syndromic partial anodontia/o ligodontia was given. Full mouth rehabilitation was planned; the teeth present were abnormal in morphology and were aesthetically restored after extraction of mobile teeth. The restorations of the defective teeth were carried out in stages. Each treatment session lasted between 1 and 2 hrs depending on the patient’s tolerance and acceptability toward treatment. Problems encountered when attempting to restore the palatal or lingual sites of the affected teeth using composite with free-hand technique so as to create a proper anatomical contour and to obtain a homogenous thickness of the material used. To overcome this, alginate impressions of both the dentitions were taken and stone casts were made. The defective areas of the tooth structure on the stone casts were filled and reconstructed anatomically using inlay wax [Figure 3]. Over the contoured cast, secondary impression was made and final cast was poured with stone. The reconstructed stone casts were sent to the laboratory for fabrication of transparent thermoform â€Å"Biostar† templates that conform to the anatomical shape of the reconstructed crowns. A 0.5mm thickness transparent thermoforming disc made of copolyester was heated up to 170 ºc for 50 s and, once the disc softened, it was pressed onto the stone casts. The pressed templates were allowed to cool and later removed and trimmed [Figure 4]. The produced templates act as crown formers to reconstruct the defective teeth. Initially, the upper four permanent incisors were restored. Minimal tooth structure was removed in order to provide additional retentive element to aid adhesion of the restorative material. Adequate volume of composite material was packed into the template that corresponds to the desired area of teeth to be restored. The template was then placed over the affected teeth and light cured. Upon curing, the template was removed from the teeth and the restored areas were examined for any defectiveness. The composite restorations were polished and contoured using a combination of rotary discs of various grades of polishing burs to create aesthetically pleasing restorations. Due to congenitally missing 43 there was a wide gap present between 42 and 44 which was aesthetically not pleasing even after restoring all 4 lower anteriors. Therefore fabrication of a fiber reinforced composite (FRC-RIBBOND) space maintainer using the acrylic tooth was planned. An acrylic crown of desired size and form was selected. Horizontal groove was made in the middle third of the crown palatal to at nearly 2-mm depth using a round diamond bur (No. 8) to accommodate the thickness and width of Ribbond. The required length of the fiber (Ribbond) was measured using dental floss between the adjacent teeth extending from distal surface of 42–44. Enamel on the lingual surfaces of both the acrylic crown and adjacent teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 s (Scotchbond Etchant; 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA). The fiber soaked in bonding agent was adapted using a tweezer onto the acrylic crown to ensure that it fits into the groove and light cured. Thereafter, it was coated with flowable resin (3M, ESPE) and light cured (Elipar 2500, Halogen Curings Light; 3M ESPE) from multiple directions for 20 s, which increased the mechanical strength of the space maintainer. Fiber-adapted acrylic crown was then positioned in the edentulous space and adapted to the adjacent teeth. Flowable composite application was initiated starting from the distal aspects of 42 44 and cured. This enabled us to stabilize the acrylic crown and check for its correct position. After confirming the correct position, the remaining fiber was coated with composite and cured. Finally, occlusion was adjusted; finishing and polishing (Sof-Lex; 3M ESPE) was performed [Figure 5]. The patient was informed about the importance of good oral hygiene and regular follow up. Follow up of 6 months revealed good retention and satisfactory esthetics [Figure 6]. Discussion: Oligodontia (severe partial anodontia) is a developmental dental anomaly refers to congenital lack of more than six teeth excluding third molars. The exact etiology for oligodontia is unknown. Various factors have been described in the literature.11 Oligodontia condition should not be neglected as it may result in various disturbances like abnormal occlusion, altered facial appearance which may cause psychological distress, difficulty in mastication and speech especially during the formative age. Thus early diagnosis and treatment of these patients is very important. The treatment of oligodontia could be challenging if there are several missing teeth and malocclusion present. Treatment planning should take into account the age of the patient, number and condition of retained teeth, number of missing teeth, condition of supporting tissues, the occlusion and interocclusal space.12 The treatment should be planned thoughly as it needs multidisciplinary appoarch. Treatment options include orthodontic therapy, speech therapy, implants, adhesive techniques, removable partial prostheses, fixed prostheses and over dentures to ensure adequate and durable results.13,14 Most young patients require the fabrication of a partial denture as an interim procedure before definitive restoration is planned. Early treatment improves speech and masticatory function in addition to psychological implications that may greatly help in regaining self-confidence of the young patient. Prosthodontic rehabilitation is fundamental in these situations that allow the child to lead a normal life without damaging self-esteem or psychological development and ensuring that behavior remains unaffected.15 The prosthetic rehabilitation using complete dentures had lot of benefits including better social acceptance, self-esteem and restoring normal functional demands of the patient such as chewing as showed in case report by Manu R et.al.16 The age of the patient for the present case was carefully considered, since younger adults require special attention with regard to their psychological and emotional condition, and particularly the anatomical changes related to facial growth. In the present case, the patient was in an early adolescent stage. The posterior teeth were still in the erupting phases and, therefore, restoration of the defective teeth with permanent and complex restorations was contraindicated. Composite restorative material was selected as a suitable replacement of the defective structures because of its esthetics and high sustainability and also it provides excellent conservative transitional treatment.17 Initially, the defective anterior teeth were restored using a free-hand technique. However, due to small inaccessibility on the palatal and lingual aspects of the teeth, it was not possible to carry out proper restorations. The time spent to restore a single tooth was prolonged and each restored tooth needed more trimming and polishing. Thus, these templates act as an adjunct to allow easy restoration of the defective teeth. Similarly with the present report, this template method has also been proven successfully in a case report by Sockaling am et.al.18 Satisfactory restorations of the lost teeth space present in between mandibular anterior teeth was a challenge to the paediatric dentist as there are limited treatment options in children.19 While long-term single tooth replacement options such as conventional fixed bridges, resin bonded dentures, removable dentures, and single tooth implants may be the treatment choice for adults, they have limited use in children. As in growing children, gingival and bone architecture undergoes changes demanding provisional restorations to achieve good esthetics and maintain edentulous space until definitive restoration is planned.20 For the success of single tooth restoration bonding of the restoration to adjacent teeth is important. So grooving, use of etching, and bonding procedures increase retention.19 In the present case, a groove was made on the lingual surface of the acrylic tooth, 42 and 44 to enhance maximum adhesion, durability, and also to provide mechanical support. Acrylic restoration provides several advantages such as desirable esthetics (a sense of natural feeling), ease of use, and direct bonding to tooth structure with reduced cost. Besides, it provided better gingival health (lesser plaque retention), greater patient–parent satisfaction, and less clinical time in acquisition of natural crown anatomy.19 Minimally invasive adhesive restorations using Ribbond was selected in the present case, as it is an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber having virtually no memory, translucent, colorless and disappears within the composite or acrylic without show through offering excellent esthetics. Hence, it adapts to the contours of the teeth and dental arch. Children with oligodontia appear to have worse oral health related quality of life than children with dental decay and malocclusion.21 However long-term studies are required to evaluate their prolonged use. Conclusion: Child patient suffering from oligodontia may have severe functional, esthetic and psychological problems especially during the early years of life as reported in the present case. Thus, these thermoformed templates act as an adjunct to allow easy restoration of the defective teeth. The FRC space maintainer technique described in this case can satisfactorily restore esthetics and function and hence suggested as an alternative to conventional techniques. However, it can be considered as an interim treatment until a definitive restoration can be performed. 1

Castle Rock Essay

How is an Atmosphere of Fear and Evil Created in the Chapter ‘Castle Rock’? The infamous ‘Lord of the Flies’ chapter ‘Castle Rock’: By the time you reach the chapter â€Å"Castle Rock†, the children’s behaviour is deteriorating, as they turn into savages, and start attacking and stealing from each other to survive in the ghastly wilderness. It is here that they expect that nobody will travel to rescue and protect them from the malignity from the horrifying island. The author tries to manipulate and influence the reader. He portrays an image that every inhabitant on the island has turned savage; however this is not the case. In fact ‘Piggy’ and Ralph are still sane, although it totally destroys Ralph’s heart, that Roger massacred ‘Piggy’ with the up-most aggression. Hence everybody chased him with repugnance to murder him with bullet sharp wooden spears. All of this puts the readers’ mind into overdrive, and makes the reader petrified. Cleverly by writing, ‘Ralph protested out of the heart of civilisation’ Makes the reader feel sorry for Ralph in his desperation, for all that he desires, which is peace. Moreover, the reader even feels a little guilty, due to the fact that the reader cannot do anything to help Ralph in his ventures. The author says, ‘Awful things have been done on this island’. This insinuates that mysterious and violent transpirences occur day and night. Some are noticed, and some are left overlooked, almost as if it is the norm, or because it is top secret never to be whispered to any other human soul. This makes most of the children want to use its unknown terror to cause chaos. One example of language and punctuation used in the chapter ‘Castle Rock’ is devised to create an atmosphere of fear and evil is, ‘The shivering, silvery unreal laughter of the savages sprayed out and echoed away. A gust of rage shook Ralph! ’ When the author says ‘unreal laughter’ it hints at something sinister and the fact that something evil is in the atmosphere around them. The author makes it sound as if it is a normal and acceptable occurrence, because he doesn’t add any special punctuation to it to make it sound more bloodcurdling than the average day in ‘Castle Rock’. Furthermore, the punctuation used in this quote, ‘A gust of rage shook Ralph! ’ shows how furious Ralph is, by adding an exclamation mark for emphasis. This makes the reader feel the fear of what Ralph might do. In other parts of the chapter, the author creates confusion, which makes the reader think of the multiple directions that a specific part of the chapter can lead to. The author uses his genius skill to manipulate his description to have more than one meaning. One of the meanings is to incite fear, and the other is to bring hope into the hearts of the readers. Another example of language and punctuation used is the quote, ‘Then there was, there was†¦ that’s his fault too. ’ When the author writes ‘There was, there was’, the words ‘there was’ are repeated to show the anxiety of the children who are saying these words. As well as that, the author says ‘†¦ that was his fault too’ the ellipses used shows that what the children had to say was too gruesome to pronounce. The language used shows that someone has committed something so appalling that it cannot be mentioned and that it is something that terrifies the living daylights out of them. In due course, I think that the fear and evil has consumed the island, because it makes most of the children resort to slaughtering pigs just for fun, because they have lost their innocence and conscience. This is mainly down to the fact that there is no law, there is nobody to tell them right from wrong; they think that they have the right to do anything that they desire, there is no concept of crime and punishment. This makes it almost impossible for anybody to live in peace or harmony. Another reason is because secretly they are all scared stiff of Jack, because he is the eldest and biggest, physically, and he has a powerful ally to fight for him and to protect him, known as Roger, however his biggest ally of all is fear itself. Ultimately, Jack wants to have all of his enemies to live in fear, so they slowly turn to him, because when they are fearful of him, they know that the longer they stay with Jacks number one enemy, the worse their punishment would be if he were to capture them. So they eventually turn to him for guidance and protection. Thus, this makes him the ‘king’ of the island in a violent and brutal way.

Persuasive Speech Against Gun Control Essay - 672 Words

Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience that each individual must take responsibility for his or her own actions. The must not blame guns for problems caused by people. . . Attention Grabber: Gun control isnt about guns, its about control . Body of Speech . Id like to read a quote by our 3rd president Thomas Jefferson. Laws that forbid the carrying of arms disarm only those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes. Such laws make†¦show more content†¦Many times an over zealous government takes actions that cannot be justified. A good example of this is the Ruby Ridge Incident, where a mans wife and son were killed over a minor firearm offense. Some States have enacted their own laws. Florida has allowed its citizens to carry a concealed weapon. Since this law was enacted the murder rate has dropped by 29%. Over the same period of time the nationwide murder rate increased by 11%. This clearly shows that guns in the hands of law-abiding citizens can prevent crime. In contrast many of our countries major cities have banned all guns. In 1976 guns were banned in Washington DC. Since then the murder rate has risen 400%. According to a CBS poll, 64% of Americans rightfully understand and dont believe gun control l aws reduce crime anyway. History has proven that every nation, which has disarmed its citizenry, has ended up with a dictator, a police state, and with countless horrible atrocities. It is true that we either learn from history or history will repeat itself. Personal Protection Not only is it our right to own guns for protection against a overbearing government, but also against those who intend to infringe on the peoples security. The criminals dont care about gun control laws for themselves. Actually, they are hoping for more laws will pass for gun control. It makes breaking the law safer and easier for them. 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Grief Programs Native Americans and Death - 1722 Words

Grief Programs: Native Americans and Death Lisa Shewmaker University of the Rockies Abstract This paper will look at existing organizations and programs that provide parent home visits for infant and child loss in culturally diverse populated areas in the United States. These programs generally do not encompass grief recovery for the Native American community. As social workers and providers of these services, it is important to understand this cultural group, know their rituals and beliefs surrounding death and the burial of their dead, and to be open to changes that might be needed within their programs to address the needs of the Native American community. This paper will address the Native American beliefs on death, their rituals†¦show more content†¦Some professionals may mistakenly view the silence, use of metaphors, and indirectness as resistance or lack of understanding (Sutton amp; Nose, 1996, p. 32). Native Americans may avoid direct or sustained eye contact and may not demonstrate affect, even during a crisis. Thus, effective communication becomes the ver y foundation from which the relationship between the worker and client progresses (Sutton amp; Nose, 1996). Across cultures, common experiences after a child’s death such as disconnectedness from friends and family, abandonment of faith, isolation, and guilt can create multiple dilemmas for families. Shaking their belief in the order of the world, this type of traumatic loss often fosters a sense of total helplessness. Spirituality can play an important role, across cultures, in helping families to heal and discover meaning after a child’s death. In many Native American tribes, soul-searching, meditation, and ancestor prayer may play a role in providing an altered state of consciousness that is necessary for some to discover meaning in the loss. 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The Male And Female Gender Through Life Experiences

Matthew Drozd How Do We Know What Gender We Are? Virginia Woolf’s novel, Orlando, and Thomas Page McBee’s memoir, Man Alive, aim to define the male and female gender through life experiences. Virginia Woolf uses the eponymous protagonist, Orlando, to define the freedom that men have within society while women face many societal restrictions. Within Man Alive, Thomas, a transgendered man, experiences similar freedoms and restrictions that Orlando experiences through his experiences within society. Man Alive is the journey of Thomas Page McBee’s transition from woman to man; it focuses not on his physical change but on his mental change. Orlando was placed in a predicament that allowed him to experience life both as man and woman. The first thirty years of Orlando’s life was spent as a man then he was permanently transformed into a woman. Almost parallel to Orlando’s transition experience, Thomas was also in a predicament that allowed him to experience life as a ma n and woman. Thomas, born Page, goes through a transition to become male. Orlando and Thomas both aimed at trying to figure out who they were in society; Thomas was trying to find what kind of man he wanted to become and Orlando was trying to find what kind of woman she was becoming. For example, if female Orlando was promiscuous, she would be heavily criticized by her community while male Orlando received no censure. Man Alive focused, not on the criticism that Thomas received but, on the characteristics of men viaShow MoreRelatedFemale Participation And Gang Activities Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesFemale participation in gang activities acquired greatest attention due to its â€Å" sensational nature of the media s portrayal of girl gangsters (...). During the period of 1990 and of the new millennium† (need or not?) 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Functional Movement Integration Free Essays

This is a personal health plan for a 50 year old woman who is diabetic, has had a heart attack and overweight by 30 pounds. More than seven million American women have diabetes, about the same number as men. Diabetes is a disease that forces your body to starve when it is full of food. We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Movement Integration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Normally, your body takes last night’s dinner or this morning’s breakfast and turns it into a sugar called glucose. Then it dumps the glucose into your blood, where it teams up with insulin secreted by your pancreas. The insulin carries glucose into you muscles and organs, where it provides the energy for everything you do. A drop in available insulin or the body’s resistance to using that insulin can cause  Ã‚   metabolic mayhem. With diabetes, glucose builds up in the bloodstream because it is unable to gain admission to muscles and organs. It wears on the heart, kidneys and eyes and then it flows into the bladder and passes out of the body – leaving behind damaged organs starved for fuel. Left too long, in this situation, the body powers down: Symptoms you may have attributed to stress or growing older, can, if unheeded escalate into the complications of diabetes—heart disease, stroke, blindness or kidney failure. Physical Prevention is important here. That is why, they physical part of the 12 month personal plan involves losing weight. â€Å"The higher your weight, the higher your risk of diabetes,† say Richard Hamman, M.D. professor of preventive medicine at the University if Colorado School of Medicine in Boulder. You especially need to lose weight if your body is shaped like an apple—thick in the middle. More glucose in the blood makes the pancreas dump in more insulin. Eventually the whole system breaks down, says Dr. Kohrt. Women who are sedentary probably have a 25 to 40 percent increased risk of diabetes compared to women who are more active at the same weight,† Dr. Hamman says. You must be active physically. What do we mean by this? It is like taking a walk in the morning, going up three or four flights of steps rather than taking elevators. It is doing these things every day. Psychological You must visit a massage center and have a good massage, so that your body and nerves will become relaxed and full of energy. You must plan to do this the next time you find yourself edgy. You must get a Manual Lymph Drainage Massage. This is a process done to the body in order to improve the flow of the lymph rhythmic strokes. This is used in conditions when the body is already developing edema. The process is used in several massage spas and is a great way to detoxify the body. The massage can be readjusted to a low pressure of the hands for those afflicted with some bone disease. How to cite Functional Movement Integration, Papers

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Questions: What Are The Nature And Extent Of The Problems Faced By The Managers? How Frequently They Face These Issues. What Are The Steps Taken By The Managers To Combat Such Situations? Answers: Introduction Over the last few decades, the global commercial framework has undergone considerable dynamics and modifications, which have contributed massively in shaping up the modern day methods of doing business. With time, the global business scenario has become more integrated and inclusive, by reducing the geographical and cultural barriers existing in these aspects. Phenomena like that of Globalization and Liberalization across different countries have also contributed in making inter-country trade and commerce much convenient. This in turn has encouraged more and more companies to increase their domain of operations and production across different geographical location, to explore and take advantages of geographically diversified economies and markets (Mendenhall et al. 2017). With the penetration in the global markets, the workforces within these companies are also changing significantly, with the companies having employees not only of different expertise and experiences but also of different cultural, geographical and ethnological origins. These companies, for the purpose of better and wider commercial prospects and for expanding their domain of operations, are becoming increasing dependent on this geographically and culturally varied workforce, which is contributing positively in terms of implementing strategic diversities (Erez et al. 2013). However, the presence of a global and diverse workforce often leads to problems within the teams, in terms of misunderstandings, lack of coordination and confusions, thereby making it a challenge for the managers to manage the global workforce in an efficient manner, such that their productivity and success are optimized. Keeping this into consideration, the paper proposes to discuss and highlight the primary challenges which are faced by the contemporary global business teams in their operational framework, which in turn becomes challenges to the corresponding managements, emphasizing on the problems which crop up while managing cross border business teams. Project Objective Keeping the above discussion in consideration, the primary objective of the concerned project is to analyze and interpret the different challenges and problems, which are faced by the managers of especially those multinational commercial institutions, which operate in different geographical domains and have geographically and culturally diversified cross-border teams of employees. For understanding the same, it is of utmost importance to study the characteristic features of such cross-border business teams, the problems which crop up in such a framework and the root causes behind such problems, which are also proposed to be studied by the concerned research project. Apart from highlighting the different challenges which the managers face, which in turn create hurdles in the path of achievement of the organizational goals, the paper also proposes to analyze the different styles of management which are usually undertaken in this aspect and how they can be improved to combat these hurdl es efficiently. Project Scope It can be seen from the above discussion that the contemporary global business scenario is becoming increasingly integrated and diverse, with companies hiring employees from different geographical locations, cultural backgrounds and professional expertise and the work teams becoming geographically varied within the companies themselves. In such a scenario, it becomes important for the managements to design their operational frameworks in such a way that maximum advantage can be obtained from such work set ups. This can however, only be done once the problems and challenges in the management of such global teams are identified and tackled with. Therefore, to maximize the profits and welfare of the contemporary global commercial framework, the challenges which are faced by the managers of the multi-national companies in this aspect has to be studies with immense importance, which in turn indicates towards the wide scope of the proposed research in the contemporary periods. Global Work Teams With global and geographical diverse workforce and global teams increasingly becoming a part of the modern business frameworks, many literary works have been done on the aspects of the profitability, nature, characteristics of such work teams and the challenges which can arise in the process of efficient management of such diversely located work teams. There exists various definitions and interpretations of the term global teams in the commercial scenario. As stated by Moran, Abramson and Moran (2014), in their working paper, the term can be assigned to the increasingly popular practice of the business organizations to form work teams across different time zones and geographical and cultural boundaries, which in spite of their linguistic and cultural differences work for the same organizational goals. In general, one individual or a group of managers, who, with his base in one country, is assigned the role of managing the geographically diverse teams, manages these varied teams. Benefits of such diverse work teams Different scholars put forward, several crucial advantages of the presence of geographically diverse teams, most of which talks about the prospects it adds to the company and in terms of increased profitability and sustainability. According to Pieterse, Van Knippenberg and Van Dierendonck (2013), the presence of culturally and geographically diverse teams in a commercial institution can help in tapping the regional talents as well as comparative advantages which may have positive implications on the organizations profitability, sustainability as well as global competitiveness. Klitmller and Lauring (2013), who add that the presence of such teams helps the companies in expanding their operational framework in different countries, thereby helping them to exploit the opportunities present in the previously unexplored markets, support their assertions. Daim et al. (2012) puts forward the aspect of the continuously technological innovations and improvisations, which makes it much convenient as well as cost effective for the commercial institutions to manage their global teams virtually with the help of the different electronic mediums, which make communication between these culturally and geographically diverse workforces fast and easy. All these assertions together, point towards the benefit as well as the need for incorporation of diverse work teams in the contemporary commercial scenario. Problems and challenges in maintaining global teams In spite of the presence of considerable prospects and benefits of the presence of global and diversified workforce within a company, there remains several issues of concern in the working of the same, which, as put forward by different scholars, if not addressed can be immensely detrimental to the commercial profitability and viability of these organizations. The primary issues of concern, as highlighted in the different literary works, are discussed as follows: Communication Breakdown- One of the primary challenges faced by the global teams and their managers, as argues by Daim et al. (2012) is the problem of communication breakdown, which often happens within the diversified teams within a company, mostly due to the absence of proper and effective channel of communications between the geographically diverse work teams. Other factors contributing to this problem are lack of trust, inter-personal issues and improper or shortsighted leaderships in the company, which hampers the carrying out multi-national projects of the companies Shaffer et al. (2012). Lack of team developing activities- Dyer and Dyer (2013) asserts that often the global teams are formed within the companies in ad hoc basis as per the needs of the situations. These teams, being temporary in nature, start with the assigned works soon after team formation, which gives them little or no time to build a proper plan for carrying out the task. The absence of the feeling of a proper team mentality hampers the commitment of the members, thereby affecting the goals of the organization. Confusions in decision-making activities- As rightly argues by Liu and Woywode (2013), one of the most crucial issues or challenges which the global teams face in their operational framework, is that of the confusions and problems in decision making regarding planning and executions of different strategies and operations. The geographical difference, different time zones and variations in the work cultures in different geographical locations make it a huge challenge for the cross-border teams to take operational decisions effectively and unanimously. The presence of very little common office hours also contributes to the lack of communication which hampers these activities substantially. Differences in work culture- The presence of different and often conflicting corporate cultures among the cross border teams of a company, is seen as one of the primary challenges in the aspect of efficient team management, by Mowday, Porter and Steers (2013). According to the authors, these varied corporate cultures make it difficult for the managers to make the employees understand their job roles and the common target of maximization of profit of organization, towards which they are supposed to be committed. Coordination failure- Another problem of operation of global teams, which is related to the previous challenges, is the highly relevant problem of coordination issues in the day to day activities in the team. As Alvesson and Sveningsson (2015), suggest often the problem arises with the employees operating in one country and their bosses operating in other. In such scenarios the support from the supervisors or managers often come in an untimely manner, thereby leading to coordination failure, which hampers the projects of the company, especially in which prompt decisions are needed to be taken. Evaluation of team performance- Cappelli and Keller (2013) rightly puts forward in their article, the problem of proper evaluation of the performance of the global teams by the managers as one of the most concerning issues in this aspect. According to the authors, the remote working locations and virtual communication channels contribute in creating barriers for the managers in the aspect of evaluation of the teams performance. Often these evaluations are erroneous and it almost becomes impossible for the managers to keep track of the regular operations of the team. This in turn hampers in the target setting and goal-achieving framework of the employees, thereby affecting the companies adversely. Lack of vision- The assertions of the previous authors are augmented by Crisp and Jarvenpaa (2013), who argues that the lack of coordination and evaluation often prevents the managers and the leaders to implant the vision of the company among the team members, which makes them feel de-motivated. This clubbed with improper information flow contributes in the problems, which the managers face while managing such teams. From the above review of the existing literatures in this aspect, it can be seen that the problems and challenges, which the managers of multi-national companies and diverse global teams can face, have been extensively discussed and interpreted by scholars from all parts of the world. However, empirical and real life evidences rarely support these assertions. Also very little has been said or done for designing wholesome strategies to rule out such problems or to at least address such issues. For this purpose the point of views of the managers and other people involved in the operation of the global teams need to be emphasized on and incorporated in the problem solving process. Research Methodology To make the research robust and informative, the paper proposes to adopt a mixed method research, incorporating both quantitative as well as qualitative aspects: Quantitative Research The project proposes to carry out interviews with at least 30 managers of such globally diversified teams, who have the base in the country itself. For the collection of the primary data, it proposes to design quantitative questionnaires emphasizing on the following points: Number of teams and team mates the managers handle Geographical locations of the teams Types of diversity in the teams Types of problems faced by the managers Frequency of occurrence of such problems Cost of managing such problems The data collected are proposed to be interpreted and analyzed using statistical software SPSS (Neuman 2013). Qualitative Research Quantitative research methods only focus on the cardinal details of a problem, thereby missing out the ordinal and abstract specific information, which might be extremely relevant (Liamputtong 2013). Considering this aspect, the project proposes to perform in depth interviews with at least five managers of reputed companies handling such teams. It also proposes to conduct focused group discussion with such global teams, emphasizing on extensive discussion about the challenges as well as the ways in which these problems can be solved. Research Limitations The primary limitation of the concerned research is that, though it tries to incorporate the views of all the types of players involved in operation of global teams, it cannot take into account the same for multiple geographical locations, due to time and cost constraints. The research thereby loses the chances to study the differences in corporate cultures and work behaviors and the scope to study how the same affects the working of the different global teams thereby creating challenges for the managers. Time Schedule Research Milestones Particulars Duration Starting Finish Research Ideation 3 Days 18-01-2018 20-01-2018 Review of Literature 3 Days 21-01-2018 23-01-2018 Research Design 5 Days 23-01-2018 27-01-2018 Data Collection 5 Days 29-01-2018 02-02-2018 Data Interpretation 3 Days 03-02-2018 06-02-2018 Publication of the Data 3 Days 07-02-2018 09-02-2018 Conclusion In the contemporary business world, the implications of the global and geographically diverse work teams are becoming increasingly prominent, with more and more companies going global and exploring different geographical markets as well as newer domains of operations. In such situations, the presence of global teams not only become beneficial for the companies but has become a necessity to prosper and stay ahead of the competitors. However, managing such teams are not easy as the managers need to face different problems and challenges which create hurdles in the path of smooth operational framework of the companies and in attaining their long term goals. The proposed research tries to shed light on the major challenges, which the managers of global work teams face, and also tries to discuss the strategies which can be taken to properly address and reduce such problems. References Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Cappelli, P. and Keller, J.R., 2013. Classifying work in the new economy.Academy of Management Review,38(4), pp.575-596. Crisp, C.B. and Jarvenpaa, S.L., 2013. Swift trust in global virtual teams.Journal of Personnel Psychology. Daim, T.U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W. and Bhatla, A., 2012. Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), pp.199-212. Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R. and Shokef, E., 2013. Going global: Developing management students' cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.330-355. Klitmller, A. and Lauring, J., 2013. When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural difference and language commonality.Journal of World Business,48(3), pp.398-406. Liamputtong, P., 2013.Qualitative research methods. Liu, Y. and Woywode, M., 2013. Light?Touch Integration of Chinese Cross?Border MA: The In?uences of Culture and Absorptive Capacity.Thunderbird International Business Review,55(4), pp.469-483. Mendenhall, M.E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G.R., Stevens, M.J., Maznevski, M.L. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2017.Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Neuman, W.L., 2013.Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson education. Pieterse, A.N., Van Knippenberg, D. and Van Dierendonck, D., 2013. Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), pp.782-804. Shaffer, M.A., Kraimer, M.L., Chen, Y.P. and Bolino, M.C., 2012. Choices, challenges, and career consequences of global work experiences: A review and future agenda.Journal of Management,38(4), pp.1282-1327.